Experience with Glacier Calving and Air-Bubbling in High Alpine Water Reservoirs

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Abstract
Some observations which pertain to the interaction of ice and lake water in a high alpine environment and which were made in recent years in connection with hydroelectric projects and flood protection work are presented. In 1966, when the thin flat snout of Griesgletscher (Walliser Alpen) became submerged during the first filling of a newly constructed reservoir, waves of only very small amplitude were generated by the calving of a bout 150000 m3 of ice because most of the energy was dissipated by local turbulence. Far more spectacular waves have been experienced near steep ice cliffs in connection with work for flood control. For the design of an air bubbler system, air and water temperatures were measured in winter 1974–75 at Grimselsee, one of the largest reservoirs in the Bernese Alps. These measurements showed that the warmest water at the bottom of the lake was drained away during winter for the production of electricity. A strong temperature invenion forms in the air a bove the water behind the dam, as the lake level is lowered by several tens of metres.

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