Functions and Behavior of the Components of Expanders for the Negative Plates of Lead-Acid Storage Batteries

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Abstract
The effect of various expander components depends on the proportion used and in some cases on the brand chosen. Cold capacity on initial cycles is affected most by lignin, increasing with the proportion of lignin up to 0.5 per cent but not beyond that. Barium sulfate and lamp black affect initial capacity to a lesser degree, but improve the cold capacity and length of service during cycling life. All three components affect the structure of plate surface during the cycling life test. Charge voltage is affected by the concentration of each of the components of the expander.

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