Accurate Calculation of Properties of the Two-Tube Electrostatic Lens II. First-Order Focal Properties and P-Q Curves

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Abstract
Using digital methods, electric fields and paraxial electron trajectories in the two-tube electrostatic lens have been calculated, and the first-order (Gaussian) focal properties accurate to at least 0.1% were obtained for voltage ratios from 1.5 to 50. The results are presented in the form of P-Q (object-image position) curves for maximum ease of use.