Congenital Malformations of the Stapes Footplate

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Abstract
CONGENITAL ear malformations are said to be rare, although I have not found any statistical evidence of the frequency of such malformations in the literature. Wolff1 states that "the paucity of data regarding the malformations of the middle and inner ear is exemplified by the fact that ear defects are not even indexed in the 1960 First International Conference on Congenital Malformations, although they are briefly mentioned. Many papers have been published about congenital ear malformations, especially about atresia of the external meatus, but no one has succeeded in gathering much material. As a consequence of the development of microsurgery, a rising number of ears with congenital malformations have been operated upon, and our knowledge of the nature and treatment of these malformations has increased and continues to do so. The auricle and external auditory meatus develop from the first branchial groove and the two accompanying branchial arches (Fig

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