The Default State of the Membrane-Localized Histidine Kinase PrrB of Rhodobacter sphaeroides 2.4.1 Is in the Kinase-Positive Mode

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Abstract
The PrrBA two-component activation system of Rhodobacter sphaeroides plays a major role in the induction of photosynthesis gene expression under oxygen-limiting or anaerobic conditions. The PrrB histidine kinase is composed of two structurally identifiable regions, the conserved C-terminal kinase/phosphatase domain and the N-terminal membrane-spanning domain with six transmembrane helices framing three periplasmic and two cytoplasmic loops. Using a set of PrrB mutants with lesions in the transmembrane domain, we demonstrate that the central portion of the PrrB transmembrane domain including the second periplasmic loop plays an important role in both sensing and signal transduction. Signal transduction via the transmembrane domain is ultimately manifested by controlling the activity of the C-terminal kinase/phosphatase domain. The extent of signal transduction is determined by the ability of the transmembrane domain to sense the strength of the inhibitory signal received from the cbb3 terminal oxidase (J.-I Oh, and S. Kaplan, EMBO J. 19:4237–4247, 2000). Therefore, the intrinsic (“default”) state of PrrB is in the kinase-dominant mode. It is also demonstrated that the extent ofprrB gene expression is subject to the negative autoregulation of the PrrBA system.