Effects of aluminum on growth and nutrient status of Douglas-fir seedlings grown in culture solution

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Abstract
Effects of Al on growth, nutrient uptake and proton efflux were studied in Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) seedlings grown for about nine months in culture solutions with a pH between 3.4 and 3.6 and with both calcium and magnesium (Ca + Mg) at a concentration of 0.1, 0.5 or 2.5 mM. In the absence of Al, plant dry matter production and root development increased with increasing concentrations of (Ca + Mg) in the culture solution. At the low and intermediate (Ca + Mg) concentrations, optimal root and shoot development were observed at an Al concentration of 4 mg l−1. At the highest (Ca + Mg) concentration, Al up to 4 mg l−1 did not affect growth, but at higher concentrations, it significantly reduced both shoot and root growth.

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