Central chemoreceptors and sympathetic vasomotor outflow

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Abstract
The present study explores how elevations in brainP increase the sympathetic nerve discharge (SND). SND, phrenic nerve discharge (PND) and putative sympathoexcitatory vasomotor neurons of the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) were recorded in anaesthetized sino‐aortic denervated and vagotomized rats. Hypercapnia (end‐expiratory CO2from 5% to 10%) increased SND (97 ± 6%) and the activity of RVLM neurons (67 ± 4%). Injection of kynurenic acid (Kyn, ionotropic glutamate receptor antagonist) into RVLM or the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) eliminated or reduced PND, respectively, but did not change the effect of CO2on SND. Bilateral injection of Kyn or muscimol into the rostral ventral respiratory group (rVRG‐pre‐Bötzinger region, also called CVLM) eliminated PND while increasing the stimulatory effect of CO2on SND. Muscimol injection into commissural part of the solitary tract nucleus (commNTS) had no effect on PND or SND activation by CO2. As expected, injection of Kyn into RVLM or muscimol into commNTS virtually blocked the effect of carotid body stimulation on SND in rats with intact carotid sinus nerves. In conclusion, CO2increases SND by activating RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons. The relevant central chemoreceptors are probably located within or close to RVLM and not in the NTS or in the rVRG‐pre‐Bötzinger/CVLM region. RVLM sympathoexcitatory neurons may be intrinsically pH‐sensitive and/or receive excitatory synaptic inputs from RTN chemoreceptors. Activation of the central respiratory network reduces the overall sympathetic response to CO2, presumably by activating barosensitive CVLM neurons and inhibiting RTN chemoreceptors.