The toxic action and interactions of copper and cadmium to the marine AlgaDunaliella minuta, in both acute and chronic exposure

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Abstract
The effective concentrations of copper and cadmium which reduced the population growth ofDunaliella minuta by 50% after 96 h of static exposure, were determined to be 7.57 μM Cu and 0.34 μM Cd. Short-term static exposure to both metals indicated that their combined action is antagonistic with respect to growth of this chlorophyte. Additionally, long-term exposure to low levels of Cu or Cd led to the acquisition of tolerance towards Cu and Cd, respectively, and co-tolerance towards Cu.