THE APPLICABILITY OF THE FRANK LEAD SYSTEM TO INFANTS AND CHILDREN

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Abstract
The accuracy of the Frank corrected lead system has been investigated in experimental two-and three-dimensional models of newborn, 5-year-old child, and adult sizes. Analysis of results indicates that the system is relatively orthogonal and uniform throughout the "normal" heart area in the adult and 5-year-old child torsos, but significant peripheral distortions due to electrode proximity effects occurs in the presence of a "large" heart as well as in the "newborn," who normally has a greater heart-size/chest-size ratio. The Frank system was found to display practically equal lead voltage response for each model, but an inverse relationship was demonstrated between surface potentials and chest circumference. The application of proportionality factors to compensate for body size variations has been suggested. Finally, this study emphasizes that the reliability of results when using this system depends critically on correct lead placement, and this is of particular significance in infants and children.

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