Influence of Temperature and Tomato Maturity on Development and Survival of Keiferia lycopersicella (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)

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Abstract
Tomato pinworm, Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham), growth and survival were studied at selected temperatures from 11–41°C. Eggs did not hatch at 11 or 41°C. Development time from egg to adult ranged from 118.4 days at 14°C to 18.6 days at 35°C. Mortality was greater at extreme temperatures (11, 14, 35, 38, and 41°C) than at moderate temperatures (17, 20, 26, and 32°C). Lower thermal thresholds were determined by extrapolation as 11.4, 10.9, and 11.0°Cfor eggs, blotch leafmining stage (L1 + L2), and tentiform leafmining stage (L3 + L4), respectively. Pupa development was not linear and no lower threshold was estimated. Second and third instars had significantly greater survival than first instars on nearly all stages of foliage and fruit maturity examined. Within each instar, there were no significant differences in rate of development regardless of stage of host maturity. However, development time for each instar was generally longer and mortality was significantly greater on senescing foliage.

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