Sensitivity of megavoltage photon beam Monte Carlo simulations to electron beam and other parameters

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Abstract
The BEAM code is used to simulate nine photon beams from three major manufacturers of medical linear accelerators (Varian, Elekta, and Siemens), to derive and evaluate estimates for the parameters of the electron beam incident on the target, and to study the effects of some mechanical parameters like target width, primary collimator opening, flattening filter material and density. The mean energy and the FWHM of the incident electron beam intensity distributions (assumed Gaussian and cylindrically symmetric) are derived by matching calculated percentage depth‐dose curves past the depth of maximum dose (within 1% of maximum dose) and off‐axis factors (within 2σ at 1% statistics or less) with measured data from the AAPM RTC TG‐46 compilation. The off‐axis factors are found to be very sensitive to the mean energy of the electron beam, the FWHM of its intensity distribution, its angle of incidence, the dimensions of the upper opening of the primary collimator, the material of the flattening filter and its density. The off‐axis factors are relatively insensitive to the FWHM of the electron beam energy distribution, its divergence and the lateral dimensions of the target. The depth‐dose curves are sensitive to the electron beam energy, and to its energy distribution, but they show no sensitivity to the FWHM of the electron beam intensity distribution. The electron beam incident energy can be estimated within 0.2 MeV when matching either the measured off‐axis factors or the central‐axis depth‐dose curves when the calculated uncertainties are about 0.7% at the 1 σ level. The derived FWHM (±0.1 mm) of the electron beam intensity distributions all fall within 1 mm of the manufacturer specifications except in one case where the difference is 1.2 mm.