Direct Condensation of Carboxylic Acids with Alcohols Catalyzed by Hafnium(IV) Salts
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- 10 November 2000
- journal article
- other
- Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS) in Science
- Vol. 290 (5494) , 1140-1142
- https://doi.org/10.1126/science.290.5494.1140
Abstract
In order to promote atom efficiency in synthesis and to avoid the generation of environmental waste, the use of stoichiometric amounts of condensing reagents or excess substrates should be avoided. In esterification, excesses of either carboxylic acids or alcohols are normally needed. We show that the direct condensation of equimolar amounts of carboxylic acids and alcohols can be achieved with the use of hafnium(IV) salts, such as commercially available hafnium(IV) chloride and hafnium(IV) tert-butoxide. The present method can be applied to direct polyesterification and may be suitable for large-scale operations.Keywords
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