Sphaeropsis sapinea Cankers on Stressed Red and Jack Pines in Minnesota and Wisconsin

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Abstract
Outbreaks of Sphaeropsis sapinea infections in red [Pinus resinosa] and jack pine [P. banksiana] plantations were studied in Minnesota and Wisconsin. The incidence and impact of the disease was documented on study plots with low site indices. Tree mortality ranged from 2 to 51% on study plots and was consistently associated with S. sapinea. Cankers occurred more frequently on trees exposed to environmental stresses such as poor site conditions, drought, hail, snow, and insect wounds.

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