Signal‐averaged electrocardiography: History, techniques, and clinical applications

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Abstract
Signal averaging principles have been utilized since around 1875. Their application in medicine to enhance biologic signals was first made in 1947 for improved detection of electroencephalographic signals. The year 1963 marked the first application of this technique to cardiac signals. The more prevalent use in adult cardiology is in the detection of ventricular late potentials (VLPs) which correspond to areas of delayed ventricular activation as slowed conduction velocity. These VLPs have value in predicting the likelihood of malignant ventricular arrhythmias after myocardial infarction (MI). Negative predictive values on the order of 96–99% are convincing as to their ability to predict no arrhythmic event post‐MI. Positive predictive values, on the other hand, are poor (10–29%) but improve (35–62%) in combination with other parameters such as depressed left ventricular function and frequent ventricular ectopy. Additional accepted uses for the signal‐averaged electrocardiogram (SAECG) include prediction of successful ablative surgery for intractable ventricular tachycardia and facilitating evaluation of patients presenting with syncope of an unclear etiology. Potential future applications of the SAECG are (1) in following patients for rejection after cardiac transplant, (2) as a screening tool for the need for electrophysiologic study, (3) as a predictor of vessel patency after thrombolysis or percutaneous transluminal coronary angiography, and (4) as a tool to assess proarrhythmia. As the technique of signal averaging continues to evolve, its applications may become more diverse and its clinical effectiveness may improve.