The Unexpected and Large Enhancement of the Dipole Moment in the 3,4-Bis(dimethylamino)-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (DMACB) Molecule upon Crystallization: A New Role of the Intermolecular CH···O Interactions

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Abstract
The molecular dipole moment of the 3,4-bis(dimethylamino)-3-cyclobutene-1,2-dione (DMACB) molecule and its enhancement in the crystal was evaluated by periodic RHF ab initio computations. A discrete boundary partitioning of the electronic density that allows an unambiguous partitioning of the molecular space in the condensed phase was adopted. The resulting molecular dipole in the crystal compares favorably with the experimental value obtained by a multipolar analysis of single-crystal X-ray diffraction data recorded at 20 K, using a fuzzy boundary partitioning of the derived pseudoatom densities. We show that a large and highly significant molecular dipole enhancement may occur upon crystallization, despite the lack of a strongly hydrogen bonded environment in the crystal. The 23 unique C−H···O interactions which are formed upon packing of the DMACB molecule induce an increase in the molecular dipole (over 75%) that is comparable to or greater than that found in systems which are characterized by the stronger O−H···O and N−H···O hydrogen bonds. The DMACB molecule constitutes an excellent system for the study of C−H···O interactions in the condensed phase, since no other kind of competing hydrogen bonds is present in its crystal. A simple and qualitative model for the matrix contribution to the DMACB molecular dipole enhancement in the crystal is proposed. The formation of several weak C−H···O bonds is found to yield a small (about 0.2 e) net flux of electronic charge flowing from the hydrogens of the methyl groups to the carbonyl oxygen atoms. Despite the limited increase of the intramolecular charge transfer upon crystallization, a large molecular dipole enhancement occurs because the centroids of the positive and negative induced charges are quite far apart. This work highlights a new and important role of the C−H···O bond, besides those already known in the literature.