Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance and X-Ray Study of Solute Loss by Internal Oxidation in Comminuted and Vaccum-Annealed Cu-Mn Alloys

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Abstract
It is shown that Cu-Mn alloys lose part of their solute Mn during comminution and vacuum annealing. X-ray measurements indicate that the solute loss occurs by the mechanism of internal oxidation, the dominant oxide formed being MnO (manganosite). NMR and x-ray measurements have been correlated in terms of loss of solute Mn from the Cu lattice. The results indicate that physical measurements on both annealed and unannealed samples of powdered Cu-Mn alloys can lead to errors in interpretation, if measured parameters are correlated with solute concentrations obtained directly from chemical analysis. Similar effects were observed with solutes of Ti, Fe, and Al in Cu.