Subthalamic nucleus, sensorimotor cortex and muscle interrelationships in Parkinson's disease

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Abstract
Ten patients with Parkinson's disease were seen following bilateral or unilateral implantation of macroelectrodes into the subthalamic nucleus. Local field potentials (LFPs) were recorded from adjacent subthalamic nucleus macroelectrode (STNME) contacts simultaneously with EEG activity over the supplementary motor (Cz-FCz) and sensorimotor (C3/4-FC3/4) areas and EMG activity from the contralateral wrist extensors during isometric and phasic wrist movements. Significant coherence was seen between STNME LFPs and Cz-FCz, STNME LFPs and C3/4-FC3/4, and STNME LFPs and EMG over the range 7–45 Hz. EEG phase-led STNME LFPs by 24.4 ms (95% confidence interval 19.8 to 29.0 ms). EMG also led STNME LFPs, but time differences tended to cluster around one of two values: 6.3 ms (–0.7 to 13.3 ms) and 46.5 ms (26.2 to 66.8 ms). Recordings from the STNME contact that demonstrated the most consistent coherence with Cz-FCz in the 15–30 Hz band coincided with the contact which, when electrically stimulated at high frequencies, produced the most effective clinical response in eight out of nine (89%) subjects (P < 0.01). Oscillatory activity at 15–30 Hz may therefore prove of use in localizing the subthalamic nucleus target that provides the best clinical effect on stimulation. These results extend the hypothesis that coherent activity may be useful in binding together related activities in simultaneously active motor centres. The presence of coherence between EEG and STNME LFPs in both the beta and the gamma band (as opposed to only the beta band between EEG and cerebellar thalamus) suggests that there may be some relative frequency selectivity in the communication between different motor structures.