Bone marrow diagnosis in lymphoproliferative disorders: comparison of results obtained from conventional histomorphology and immunohistology

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Abstract
In this study we have investigated 313 bone marrow biopsies from 280 patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Trephines were sectioned transversely to obtain one cylinder for cryostat sectioning and immunostaining and a second for histomorphological evaluation using a plastic‐embedding technique. The results obtained by histomorphological and immunohistological evaluation were compared for their contribution to staging and classification.Using both techniques, bone marrow involvement was seen in 3/43 (7.0%) biopsies from patients with Hodgkin's disease and in 193/270 (71.5%) cases with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma, including multiple myeloma and acute lymphocytic leukaemia. Immunohistology proved superior in detecting minimal mainly interstitial bone marrow infiltration in 15 leukaemia/lymphoma cases.Biopsies showing infiltration with both methods (n= 157) were re‐examined for classification of lymphomatous infiltrates. Whereas immunohistology did not provide additional information in cases with Hodgkin's disease and myeloma, this method was crucial for establishing the definitive diagnosis in a number of cases with acute lymphocytic leukaemia and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. In all of six leukaemia cases, in which no or inadequate material was available for immunophenotyping of cell suspensions, immunohistology clearly defined the subtype. In the 140 cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma the majority of cases (76.4%) were identically classified. In some cases, with important prognostic and therapeutic implications, immunohistology alone provided the definitive diagnosis: T‐cell lymphoma (n= 2), hairy cell leukaemia (n= 2) and centrocytic non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma (n= 3).Bone marrow immunohistology is, therefore, an important supplement for classical lymphoma/leukaemia diagnosis. The differences observed between histomorphology and immunohistology emphasize the importance of lymph node biopsy in lymphoma classification.