A simple method for introduction of cardiac cannulae in a conscious dog.

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Abstract
A simple technique is detailed for introduction of sampling and recording catheters into the various cardiac chambers of a fully conscious dog without causing discomfort. The technique allows access to right and left sides of the heart through a single thoracotomy. The singular advantage of the technique is that it allows a recovery period between thoracotomy and time of study. By proper placement of catheters, the ventricular chambers are easily entered. Several modifications are described.

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