Structural framework and denudation history of the flanks of the Kenya and Anza Rifts, East Africa

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Abstract
The Kenya Rift in central Kenya (between ∼1° and 2° north latitude) is flanked by vast areas of Proterozoic crystalline rock where traditional stratigraphic markers useful for constraining Mesozoic to Recent structures are absent. Apatite fission track age and length data from about 100 samples collected from (1) relief profiles in north‐south trending mountain ranges, and (2) east‐west transects between mountain ranges constrain the structural framework of Cretaceous through Tertiary faulting in these flanking areas. Data from the profiles reveal regionally consistent age/elevation trends characterized by three distinct intervals, of 600 to 1200 m altitude, within which the apatite apparent ages are nearly concordant. The three isochronous age/elevation intervals yield apparent ages of ∼180, ∼115, and ∼65 Ma and record times of cooling starting at ≥220, 140–120, and 70–60 Ma. We interpret the cooling to be related to episodes of relatively rapid denudation separated in time by periods of slower exhumation. The isochronous intervals of crust are regionally consistent and relative offsets between the intervals allow fault displacements and block tilts to be estimated, when used in conjunction with the variation of fission track age and length along the transects. The fault block geometry revealed by the displaced isochronous layers indicates that normal faults related to rifting, with relative displacements >1 km, extend at least 100 km east of the Kenya Rift Valley. The data indicate a consistent direction of block tilting for the segment of the rift studied, which is similar to the asymmetric extension observed for other sections of the East Africa Rift System and other narrow rifts. The regional block faulting in this area probably occurred during early to middle Tertiary time associated with the late stages of extension in the Anza Rift and/or the early stages of extension of the Kenya Rift, in a setting similar to the present morphology of northern Tanzania. Therefore focusing of faulting within a central rift valley in Kenya appears to have followed a phase of regional extension with minor total strain.