Progress in measurements of L-subshell fluorescence, Coster-Kronig and Auger yields

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Abstract
In the last decade significant improvements of the experimental methods for measuring L‐subshell yields have been achieved. By detecting the electron‐induced x‐ray fluorescence with a high‐resolution crystal‐spectrometer, the fluorescence yields ω1, ω2, and ω3 of light and medium heavy elements (28≤Z≤47) have been measured, most of them for the first time. The Kα‐Lα‐coincidence method has been carefully checked for systematic errors. Recent measurements of the fluorescence yields ω2 and ω3 and the Coster‐Kronig yield f23 of heavy elements (Z≥54) by this method have substantially reduced relative uncertainties which in some cases are claimed to be below 1%. Furthermore, a novel method based on selective photoionization of consecutive subshells by using tuneable synchrotron radiation has been introduced which is capable of providing reliable values of all decay yields, i.e., ω1, ω2, ω3, f12, f13, and f23. So far, data for the elements Z=39, 47, and 72–82 have been obtained by this method.

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