The shear component of ductile fracture

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Abstract
There are two well-defined stages in the fracture of a cylindrical test piece of a ductile metal. The first stage begins on the axis in the centre of the necked region, and the general directions of propagation of the crack lie in a plane normal to the tensile axis; this is usually called the 'tensile' part of the break, although it does not obey a simple tensile stress criterion. In the second and final stage the directions of propagation lie on the surface of a cone. It is generally supposed that this cone fracture represents slipping-off by intense local shear on a surface of maximum shear stress, but the details of the process are not at all well understood; in particular, what determines the localization of flow, and the geometry of the actual process of separation?
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