On the shoaling behaviour of sardines (Sardina pilchardus) in aquaria

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Abstract
Sardines of a similar size formed one shoal when kept under suitable conditions and grew well. Sardines with a wide size range formed two shoals or one shoal partly segregated by size; one dense shoal was formed only when the fish were disturbed. When the size range was large, only the larger fish grew well; the smaller fish died. Shoaling between sardines (or between sardines and sprats or anchovies) of markedly different size appears to be exceptional under natural conditions.

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