Jordan and the Anti-Normalization Campaign, 1994-2001

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Abstract
The peace treaty between Jordan and Israel heightened debate amongst the Arab intelligentsia. Combating 'normal' relations with Israel became the new sphere in which an opposition could operate. 'Normalization' - attempts to create a new reality in all political, economic and cultural spheres - was perceived as an Israeli demand or desire. However, Jordan's leadership shared this desire, aiming to reshape Jordan's public identity. The Anti-Normalization Campaign, led by the Islamists and left-wing Arab nationalists, working largely through professional associations, actively obstructed the regime's objective. Three main axes determined the success of the campaign and the powerlessness of the regime. First the internal sphere, where various developments and crises - sometimes with no direct link to Israel and the peace process - were exploited to justify campaign pursuits. Second the Jordanian-Israeli axis, where bilateral developments strengthened support for the campaign. Third and most important was the Palestinian-Israeli relationship. There any difficulties had an immediate affect on the willingness of Jordan's public to embrace the campaign's agenda.

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