Effects of O3and (or) fescue on ladino clover: interactions

Abstract
Various aspects of interactions between tall fescue and ladino clover were observed in the presence and absence of O3. Ozone reduced the growth of clover and fescue seedlings. Fescue seedlings were less sensitive to O3 than were clover seedlings. Leaf leachate from transplanted fescue plants inhibited the growth of clover. Nodulation of clover was reduced by leachate from fescue plants exposed to O3, but not by leachate from nonexposed fescue plants. The addition of fescue, clover, or fescue and clover debris to soil stimulated the growth of both clover and fescue. This stimulation was reduced or eliminated by O3. Root interactions of seedling fescue and clover had little effect on clover, but transplanted fescue and clover root interactions reduced the growth of clover. The direct and indirect effects of O3 and (or) fescue on clover are discussed.