Cytokine‐induced cell death in human oligodendroglial cell lines: I. Synergistic effects of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α on apoptosis

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Abstract
Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Myelin and oligodendrocytes are considered the major targets of injury caused by a cell-mediated immune response. There is circumstantial evidence that proinflammatory cytokines like tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and interferon γ (IFN-γ) could have disease-promoting roles in multiple sclerosis (MS). In the present study, the cytotoxic effects of IFN-γ and TNF-α on the human oligodendroglial cell lines human oligodendroglioma (HOG) and MO3.13 were analyzed. When the oligodendroglial cell lines were cultured in the presence of IFN-γ or TNF-α, apoptotic cell death was observed in both cell lines after >24 hr incubation. Apoptosis was evidenced by a decrease in cell viability, apoptotic changes in cell and nucleus morphology, and disruption of the membrane asymmetry. Our data show that TNF-α and IFN-γ induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent fashion in both oligodendroglial cell lines and that their synergistic effect results in enhanced cell death. Understanding the regulation of cell death pathways in oligodendrocytes is critical for protecting myelin-producing cells and their associated axons during injury in patients with MS.