Acoustic fluctuations due to microbubbles in the near-surface ocean

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Abstract
Within several meters of the ocean surface there are enough ambient bubbles to create a distinctive microstructure with a dispersive acoustic index of refraction. In this region, the variation of total bubble‐volume fraction produces fluctuations of the sound speed for frequencies less than about 25 kHz; the frequency spectra of these speed fluctuations are near Gaussian. However, perturbation of resonance frequencies of predominant bubble populations is the principal cause of fluctuations of the speed between 25 and 100 kHz; these fluctuations have frequency spectra that are imitations of the spectrum of the sea surface height which creates them.

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