Retrograde Cerebral Perfusion with Hypothermic Blood Provides Efficient Protection of the Brain: A Neuropathological Study

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Abstract
Retrograde cerebral perfusion is a method that is recently being used for protection of the brain during operations on the aortic arch. This method is useful but is said to provide a limited time for protecting the brain. We designed an experiment in dogs to investigate neuropathologically the effect of protecting the brain for 120 minutes under: (1) circulatory arrest (CA); (2) retrograde cerebral perfusion with moderately cooled blood (RCPMC); and (3) retrograde cerebral perfusion with deeply cooled blood (RCPDC). We calculated the number of the abnormal cells of 400 hippocampal neurons per dog light microscopically. The number was 199 ± 23 (mean ± 1 SD) in the CA group, 149 ± 50 in the RCPMC group, and 72 ± 33 in the RCPDC group. The difference between the CA group and the RCPMC group was not statistically significant (p < 0.05), but there was a significant difference between the RCPMC and RCPDC groups (p < 0.05). The degree of cerebral protection provided by retrograde cerebral perfusion for 120 minutes is not sufficient when using moderately cooled blood. If we use deeply cooled blood at a temperature of about 10°C, we should obtain a sufficient degree of protection of the brain.