Ion Selectivity Reversal and Induction of Voltage-Gating by Site-Directed Mutations in the Paracoccus denitrificans Porin

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Abstract
The porin from Paracoccus denitrificans, a slightly anion specific outer membrane pore protein, was expressed in Escherichia coli, isolated from inclusion bodies, and refolded in the presence of urea and detergents. The purified recombinant protein was reconstituted into black lipid bilayer membranes and showed no difference in its functional properties in comparison to the native porin isolated from P. denitrificans membranes. To investigate the molecular basis of its ion selectivity and voltage-gating, a series of site-directed mutants was constructed, comprising acidic residues located on the third extracellular loop (L3), which forms the constriction zone of the channel, and basic residues along the opposing barrel wall. Measurements using zero-current membrane potentials indicated that the selectivity changed drastically from a slight anion to a distinct cation selectivity with the exchange of residues R29 and R31 by glutamate, whereas replacements on the L3 loop went largely unaffected. However, when assaying the voltage-dependent closure of channels, only mutations located on the L3 loop showed an effect, in contrast to the voltage-independent recombinant and native Paracoccus porin.