Management of Trigeminal Autonomic Cephalgias and Hemicrania Continua

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Abstract
The trigeminal autonomic cephalgias (TACs) are a group of primary headache disorders characterised by unilateral trigeminal distribution pain that occurs in association with ipsilateral cranial autonomic features. This group of headache disorders includes cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania and short-lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks with conjunctival injection and tearing (SUNCT syndrome). Although hemicrania continua has previously been classified amongst the TACs, its nosological status remains unclear. Despite their similarities, these disorders differ in their clinical manifestations and response to therapy, thus underpinning the importance of recognising them. We have outlined the clinical manifestations, differential diagnoses, diagnostic workup and the treatment options for each of these syndromes.