Cis-acting elements responsible for muscle-specific expression of the myosin heavy chain β gene

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Abstract
The 5' flanking region of the rabbit myosin heavy chain (HC) beta gene extending 295 bp upstream from the cap site provides muscle-specific transcriptional activity. In this study, we have identified and functionally characterized cis-acting elements that regulate the muscle-specific expression within this region. By using linker-scanner (LS) mutants between -295 bp and a putative TATA box, we found five distinct positive cis-acting sequences necessary for transcription: element A, the sequences between -276 and -263, which contains a putative M-CAT motif in an inverted orientation; B, the sequences between -207 and -180; C, the sequences between -136 and -127; D, the sequences between -91 and -80; and E, a TATA consensus sequence at -28. The fragment containing both A and B elements dramatically enhanced the expression of the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (CAT) gene driven by a heterologous promoter in differentiated muscle cells, whereas fragments containing either A or B elements alone had little or no effect in either muscle or nonmuscle cells. Therefore, these two elements appear to act cooperatively in determining a high level of muscle- and stage-specific expression. Unlike the typical enhancer element, this region functions in an orientation-dependent manner. In contrast, the fragment containing C and D elements activates the heterologous promoter in both muscle and nonmuscle cells in an orientation-independent manner.