The Electric Field, Atmosphere and Effective Temperature of the Sun

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Abstract
The study of important electromagnetic effects in the solar atmosphere undertaken in previous papers is continued. It is shown that the large observed spread of effective temperatures of the sun's radiation can be accounted for by the presence of electric and magnetic fields in the solar atmosphere. The magnitude of the electric field at a level where the magnetic field is 25 gauss, calculated from the observed spread of temperatures, is found to be 0.015 volts.cm and agrees well with 0.013 volts/cm calculated earlier from the observed anomalous motions of the solar atmosphere. Gravitational equilibrium is found to be unnecessary in all regions of the atmosphere and it is shown that the "support" and stability of the chromosphere and its anomalous eastward motion are evidences of precisely the same electromagnetic mechanism. An electric field of the value given above is shown to account qualitatively for certain bright line spectra in the chromosphere of the sun. The strange observed relation between bright line spectra and rapid axial rotation of stars, just pointed out by O. Struve of the Yerkes Observatory, confirms in a striking manner some of the conclusions of this and earlier papers.