Patterns of evolution among lower Jurassic crinoids

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Abstract
The crinoid families Isocrinidae and Pentacrinitidae are well represented in the British Lower Jurassic, allowing a detailed investigation of their evolution at this time. The pseudopelagic pentacrinitids diverged from the benthic isocrinids during the Triassic. Seirocrinus arose from Pentacrinites through hyper‐morphosis prior to the start of the Jurassic but both genera subsequently show extreme evolutionary conservatism, perhaps attributable to constraints imposed by their unusual life‐style. From a single species in the Hettangian, the benthic isocrinids diversified in the Sinemurian and Carixian. A “central lineage”;, comprising three species of Chladocrinus, evolved along a peramorphocline by “intermittent anagenesis”;, prolonged periods of evolutionary stasis punctuated by short periods of gradualistic change. Two main offshoots, Balanocrinus and Hispidocrinus gen. nov., represent shifts into new habitats. Balanocrinus arose through progenesis, with subsequent evolution along a paedomorphocline, while Hispidocrinus may have arisen through extreme peramorphosis, although its spinose brachials are an evolutionary innovation. Both genera show an apparently punctuated mode of evolution. There is some correlation between morphology and faciès, and also between the emergence of new species and times of high sea level. Benthic isocrinids appear to have been greatly affected by the early Toarcian anoxic event but the pseudopelagic pentacrinitids were not.