First Pass Uptake of Fentanyl, Meperidine, and Morphine in the Human Lung

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Abstract
The first pass uptake of fentanyl, meperidine, and morphine in human lung was studied in patietns using a double indicator dilution technique. A bolus containing one of the drugs and indocyanine green dye (ICG) was rapidly injected into the central venous catheter of patients prior to anesthesia for surgery. Sequential arterial blood samples were collected at 1-s intervals for 45 s after injection. The total amount of drug taken up by the lung during the first pass and the instantaneous extraction of drug at each time point during the first pass were calculated from the differences in the arterial blood concentration versus time curves of the nondiffusible indicator (ICG) and the drug. The total uptake (mean .+-. SE) during the first pass through the human lung for fentanyl and meperidine was 75.2 .+-. 3.2% and 64.7 .+-. 7.8% of the injected dose, respectively. The pulmonary uptake of morphine was very small, with 96.5 .+-. 7.1% of the injected dose recovered in arterial blood after the first pass through the lung. The arterial blood concentration of drug and dye versus time showed a slight delay of the fentanyl and meperidine peaks compared to ICG. It was also observed that greater than 90% of these drugs were extracted from the blood in the early part of the first pass, but the extraction decreased with time during the first pass through the lung. These findings indicate that some of the drug taken up by the lung can diffuse back out into the blood. In spite of this back diffusion, 75% and 65% of the fentanyl and meperidine remained in the lung tissue at the end of the first pass. This high first pass pulmonary uptake of fentanyl and meperidine results in a large decrease in the amount of drug that enters the systemic circulation immediately after injection. This non-respiratory pulmonary function could play a major role in determining the plasma pharmacokinetics of these drugs immediately after intravenous administration. No such role of the lung exists for morphine.