Ultrasonic induction of sister chromatid exchanges in human lymphocytes

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Abstract
We analyzed sister chromatid exchange (SCE) frequencies as an indicator of DNA damage induced in human lymphocytes by ‘real-time’ ultrasound. A range of exposure times and intensities was tested in a series of blind, randomized, in vitro experiments under spatial and sonographic conditions simulating exposure of a gravid abdomen and uterus. Our studies showed small but consistent effects of ultrasound on SCE frequencies, for each experiment. Differences between matched control and exposed means were significantly different from zero. X 2 tests for homogeneity indicated no significant differences among either the means or the total distributions of the controls, nor among each of the separate dose levels. Consequently, experiments were pooled, and X 2 analysis indicated significant differences both among distributions and among means of SCE frequencies for controls versus exposed cells (P(0.001). The pooled control mean was also significantly different from each of the pooled dose means. Correcting for multiple comparisons gave identical results for the paired comparisons of means except for the 20-min level which was borderline (0.025P(0.01). We conclude that the well-established value of clinical ultrasonography warrants its continued use; however, minimizing the numbers and lengths of exposure per patient would seem prudent, pending further information on clinical implications of our results.