Dendritic cells from patients with myeloma are numerically normal but functionally defective as they fail to up-regulate CD80 (B7-1) expression after huCD40LT stimulation because of inhibition by transforming growth factor-β1 and interleukin-10

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Abstract
Limited response to idiotype vaccination in patients with myeloma suggests that there is a need to develop better immunotherapy strategies. It has been determined that the number of high-potency CMRF44+CD14−CD19−dendritic cells (DCs) in the blood of patients with myeloma (range, 0.03%-0.8% of mononuclear cells [MNCs]; n = 26) was not significantly different from that in controls (range, 0.05%-0.8% of MNCs; n = 13). Expression of the costimulatory molecules CD80 and CD86 on DCs from these patients (mean, 29%±17% of MNCs and 85%±10% of MNCs, respectively) was also normal (mean, 29%±17% and 86%±16% of MNCs, respectively). Up-regulation of CD80 expression in response to stimulation by human (hu)CD40LT + interleukin (IL)-2 was significantly reduced on the DCs of patients with myeloma during stable disease (n = 9) and was absent during progressive stages (n = 7) of disease. Similar effects were seen on B cells but not on monocytes of the same group of patients. CD86 expression on DCs was high before (86%) and after (89%) stimulation. Inhibition of CD80 up-regulation was neutralized by either anti–transforming growth factor (TGF)–β1 or anti–IL-10. Up-regulation of CD80 on DCs of controls was inhibited by rTGF-β1 in a dose-dependent manner. Serum TGF-β1 and IL-10 levels were normal in most patients studied. Cytoplasmic TGF-β1 was increased in plasma cells during progressive disease. Thus patients with myeloma have normal numbers of DCs, but CD80 expression may fail to be up-regulated in the presence of huCD40LT because of tumor-derived TGF-β1 or IL-10. Autologous high-potency DCs may have to be tested for CD80 up-regulation and biologically modified ex vivo before idiotype priming for immunotherapy.