A simple two-step, 'hit and fix' method to generate subtle mutations in BACs using short denatured PCR fragments

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Abstract
The bacteriophage lambda recombination system has proven to be a valuable tool for engineering bacterial artificial chromosomes (BAC). Due to its high efficiency, subtle alterations in the BACs can be generated using oligonucleotides as targeting vectors. Since no selection marker is used, recombinant clones are identified utilizing a selective PCR screening method. However, occasionally the selective PCR screening is not feasible. We describe here a two‐step ‘hit and fix’ method that can be reliably used for generating any subtle alteration in BACs using short denatured PCR fragments as targeting vectors. In the first step of this method, 6–20 nucleotides are changed around the base where the mutation has to be generated. In the second step, these altered nucleotides are reverted to the original sequence and simultaneously a subtle alteration is introduced. Since in each step several nucleotides are changed, PCR primers specific for such alterations can be designed. This two‐step method provides a simple and efficient tool for generating subtle alterations in BACs that can be very valuable for functional analysis of genes.