Intracavernous pharmacotherapy

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Abstract
Intracavernous application of vasoactive substances not only has enhanced our understanding of penile hemodynamics, the physiology of penile erection, and the pathophysiology of erectile dysfunction but also has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction in the last 15 years. Virag was the first to report on the erectile effect of papaverine in humans, and Brindley later reported the effect of intracavernous application of alpha-receptor-blocking agents on cavernous tissue. These reports led to numerous basic and clinical investigations and ultimately established a new treatment alternative for patients with erectile dysfunction that is now considered to be the treatment of choice for most patients. Changes in penile hemodynamics include the relaxation of cavernous smooth musculature and arteries, which leads to an increase in arterial blood flow and a restriction of venous outflow through a compression of subtunical veins. These hemodynamic changes are the prerequisite for the induction and maintenance of penile erection. With the intracavernous application of vasoactive substances it was possible to influence penile hemodynamics at a local level and to induce an erection despite alterations in the nervous system, penile arterial blood flow, cavernous musculature, or neurotransmitter status. In addition, the localapplication of pharmacologically active substances directly to the end organ enabled the achievement of high local drug concentrations without severe systemic side effects. The commonly used substances are papaverine, the combination of papaverine and phentolamine, and prostaglandin E1 (alprostadil). In addition to these established substances, several other regimens, such as linsidomine (SIN-1), calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), moxisylyte, and various triple- or quadruple drug mixtures have been described. In addition, several other compounds as well as different routes of administration are on the horizon and may prove to be effective in the future diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction.