What is the Dose-Response Relationship between Exercise Training and Blood Pressure?

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Abstract
Most studies of exercise and blood pressure have used a standard exercise programme with a single level of physical activity. To determine the nature of the dose-response relationship however it is necessary to examine several levels of activity, preferably in the same subjects. We have recently performed several randomised crossover studies comparing different levels of regular exercise. The intensity and duration of exercise bouts were constant throughout the studies, but their frequency was varied. Standard bouts consisted of 30 min of bicycling at 60%—70% of maximum work capacity. The exercise was performed either three-weekly or 7-weekly in randomised order and each level was maintained for one month. In sedentary normal subjects three bouts of exercise/week for a total of 90 min lowered blood pressure by 10/7 mmHg. With seven bouts, i.e. a total of 210 min exercise/week, blood pressure was only slightly lower than 3-week exercise and was 12/7 mmHg below sedentary values. Responses to measures of physical fitness including maximum oxygen consumption and work capacity were linearly related to the amount of exercise performed each week. Similar results were obtained in hypertensives. Another randomised study was performed amongst expeditioners to Antarctica where environmental conditions determined that they were sedentary in winter and active in summer. The addition of either 3-week or 7-week exercise in winter significantly lowered blood pressure. In summer when the background level of activity was higher, blood pressure with no added exercise was similar to exercising levels in winter. There was no further fall in blood pressure with either 3-week or 7-week additional exercise. Changes in blood pressure follow a different time course and dose-response relationship to changes in aerobic capacity. The relationship between exercise level and blood pressure is sigmoidal and the greatest changes in blood pressure are achieved with relatively modest increases in physical activity above sedentary levels.