Cratering of Lead by Oblique Impacts of Hypervelocity Steel Pellets

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Abstract
The volume and shape of craters produced in lead by the impact of steel pellets at 3 km/sec have been studied as functions of the angle of incidence for angles up to 70° from the normal. It is found that crater volume is linear in the cosine of the angle of incidence, and that it is directly proportional to the kinetic energy of the pellet for a given angle of incidence. Consideration of energy and momentum conservation leads to a plausible interpretation of this behavior. It is also found that the relation between the depth and the (transverse) diameter is consistent with the concept of a radial ``afterflow'' superimposed on a primary penetration which obeys the density law of penetration by fluid jets.

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