Flow of Wet Granular Materials

The transition from frictional to lubricated flows of a dense suspension of non-Brownian particles is studied. The pertinent parameter characterizing this transition is the Leighton number $\mathrm{L}\mathrm{e}=\frac{{\eta }_s\dot{\gamma }}{\sigma }$, the ratio of lubrication to frictional forces. Le defines a critical shear rate below which no steady flow without localization exists. In the frictional regime the shear flow is localized. The lubricated regime is not simply viscous: the ratio of shear to normal stresses remains constant and the velocity profile has a universal form in both frictional and lubricated regimes. Finally, a discrepancy between local and global measurements of viscosity is identified, which suggests inhomogeneity of the material under flow.