Analysis of variations in contrast‐detail experiments

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Abstract
Three sources of variability in a contrast‐detail (CD) experiment have been quantitated: within‐observer variance, between‐observer variance, and sample variance. It is concluded that (1) it is more efficient to increase the numbers of replicated images and observers than to increase the number of readings; (2) sampling and between‐observer variations are approximately equal; (3) one can expect approximately 10% standard errors in the measured value of threshold detail or threshold contrast in a CD experiment which employs four observers, four replicate image samples, and one reading per observer.