Undifferentiated sex chromosomes in Mastotermes darwiniensis Froggatt (Isoptera; Mastotermitidae) and the evolution of eusociality in termites

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Abstract
Meiosis and mitosis was studied in males of the primitive termite Mastotermes darwiniensis, which is closely related to the Dictyoptera. In mitotic metaphase cells 98 chromosomes were found with a matching 49 bivalents at metaphase I. Mastotermes darwiniensis has a largely acrocentric karyotype with no sex-linked translocation complexes, like those found in many other termite species, or other sex chromosome differentiation. These observations suggest that ancestral termites probably had karyotypes with many small chromosomes lacking sex chromosome differentiation and that there is no connection between the evolution of sex-linked translocation complexes and eusociality. Key words: sex chromosomes, Mastotermes, termites, eusociality.