TOTAL EXPOSURE AND WORKERS' HEALTH *

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Abstract
Health and disease of workers to a large extent reflect the impact of the total environment on man, perhaps even from before conception. The impact at work and outside work is strongly related to socio-cultural economic status. Therefore, occupational health and hygiene should, as far as possible, take into account the total exposure at work and outside work. To get a grip on this total exposure and its impact on health and disease, one has to apply various operational models: clinical medicine vs health science, the impact of four levels of the total environment, classification of situational factors, essential vs non-essential factors, and combined exposure, whether or not interactive. Various operational models are discussed and illustrated by examples.

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