Influences of solvent water on protein folding: free energies of solvation of cis and trans peptides are nearly identical

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Abstract
Peptide bonds interact so strongly with water that even a modest difference between the free energies of solvation of their cis and trans isomers could have a significant bearing on protein structure. However, proton magnetic resonance studies at high dilution in deuteriated solvents show that N-methylformamide exists as the cis isomer to the extent of 8% in water, 10.3% in chloroform, 8.8% in benzene, and 9.2% in cyclohexane. Integrated intensities of proton and carbon resonances show that N-methylacetamide exists as the cis isomer to the extent of only 1.5% in water, no changing much in nonpolar solvents. Quantum mechanical calculations using the 6-31G** basis set reproduce these relative abundances with reasonable accuracy and show that there is little difference between the dipole moments of the cis and trans isomers for either amide. The remarkable insensitivity of cis/trans equilibria to the solvent environment and the heavy preponderance of trans isomers regardless of the polarity of the surroundings (ca. 98.5% for N-methylacetamide, whose properties may resemble those of a typical peptide bond) accord with the overwhelming preference of peptide bonds for the trans configuration that is consistently observed in the three-dimensional structures of globular proteins.