Female Occupational Roles and Urban Sex Ratios in the United States, Japan, and the Philippines

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Abstract
In the United States a low urban sex ratio has been attributed to industrialization and the consequent demand for female labor in urban centers. Japanese cities, however, have not attracted a disproportionately female population in spite of heavy industrialization. On the other hand, Philippine cities now show a sex ratio similar to the United States although industrialization is in the beginning stages. Japanese cultural patterns have maintained female subordination in spite of a potential industrial demand for female labor. Socioeconomic forces in the United States have directed women workers into supplementary rather than fully equal occupational roles. Filipino culture has favored occupational participation by women on a basis equal or superior to the male with the result that a slight movement toward industrialization stimulates a heavy migration to the cities.

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