Performance and preference in videotex menu retrieval: a review of the empirical literature

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Abstract
This article reviews the literature on behavioural factors in menu retrieval from computerized databases. The belief that menus are easy to learn and easy to use is questioned; in laboratory-based experiments error rates were uniformly high, success rates less than perfect, searches inefficient, and search times long. General problems with the menu method and possible cognitive factors contributing to these problems are discussed. This analysis suggests several approaches for improving menu retrieval performance: optimal index structuring, reclassification and relabelling of problem menus, the addition of descriptors on top index levels, and practice. Each was found to be effective to some degree in improving performance. A major weakness of menu systems was found to be their unsuitability for experienced users. The addition of menu keywords to a menu system overcomes this problem: menu keywords permit users, as they gain in experience, to access directly deeper and deeper levels in the menu index, substantially improving both preference and performance. The addition of user-defined keywords appears promising as another method for improving performance, particularly for experienced users. The paper concludes with a discussion of recommendations for practitioners as well as for researchers.

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