Nutritional Management of Patients with Esophageal and Esophagogastric Junction Cancer

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Abstract
Background: Malnutrition is common in patients with esophageal and esophagogastric cancer. Compared to patients with other digestive and extradigestive neoplasia, the highest incidence (78.9%) was found in those with esophageal cancer. Malnutrition is associated with postoperative complications, increased morbidity, and prolonged hospital stays. Methods: The authors review the impact and causes of malnutrition in esophageal cancer patients and present strategies that can be used to preserve or restore the nutritional status in this patient population throughout treatment. Results: Patients usually are unable to sustain weight on oral intake alone and require additional means of nutritional support. Several methods can be used to provide nutritional care to the esophageal cancer patient, such as diet modification, oral supplementation, and enteral or parenteral nutrition. The enteral route is preferred due to preservation of gut integrity, reduced risk of complications, and less expense. In terminally ill patients, minimal nutritional intervention may be all that is needed to achieve patient comfort. Conclusions: In order to improve clinical outcomes and the quality of life for patients with esophageal and esophagogastric cancers, the extent of malnutrition must be identified and treated.