Psychosocial Outcome after ICD Implantation: A Current Perspective

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Abstract
Depression and reduced sexual functioning have been identified as problems following ICD placement. We examined these issues, and multiple other quality-of-life measures, and their relationship to ICD and ICD discharge. Patients were 64 +/- 11 years old, 72% male, and had undergone ICD 20 +/- 14 months previously. Fifty-eight patients responded to a confidential biopsychosocial questionnaire. Positive attitudes toward the procedure increased from 52% before to 76% after implantation. Satisfaction correlated most strongly with less anger (P = 0.002, r = 0.45), less worry about ICD size (P = 0.007, r = 0.38), less sadness (P = 0.01, r = 0.37), and perceived better health (P = 0.01, r = 0.35). Of these ICD patients, 20%-58% reported measures of depression, and sexual frequency was reduced in 45%. Despite successful ICD placement, health concern increased in 62% of the respondents. Thirty-nine percent attended support groups; 96% found them very helpful. Mean number of ICD discharges described by responders was 5 +/- 11. Fifty percent of our sample reported > or = 1 shock; equal numbers had 1, 2-5, 6-10, and more than 10 shocks. Sixty-two percent of men had at least one discharge compared to 13% of women. After controlling for cardiac clinical variables, experiencing > or = 1 ICD shock was strongly associated with anxiety about family (odds ratio = 7.3), reduced new activities (odds ratio = 6.9), increased sadness (odds ratio = 6.2), and health worry (odds ratio = 5.8). Experiencing > or = 5 ICD shocks was strongly associated with increased health concern (odds ratio = 13.6), increased sadness (odds ratio = 12.5), increased fatigue (odds ratio = 6.1), current sadness (odds ratio = 5.8), and increased nervousness (odds ratio = 5.3). ICD implantation powerfully affects quality-of-life. Postimplantation health concern is paradoxically increased despite improvement in actual health. Negative emotions are associated with defibrillator discharge.