Abstract
Errors in medicine are common and are at least partly responsible for the deaths of 180,000 patients a year.1,2 There is increasing concern about medical errors and the steps that should be taken to prevent them.1 Until recently, hospitals have addressed errors after the fact, through mortality and morbidity conferences, incident reports, and the like, rather than before the fact, through attention to systems defects and prevention. Likewise, medical-malpractice litigation can be filed only after an injury has occurred. Malpractice litigation is intended to create incentives to improve the quality of medical care by making physicians and hospitals accountable . . .

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